A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essays

A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essays A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essay A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essay The definition for cognition and information are usually high related. It is true that both of them complement each other but it is besides of import to cognize that they are reciprocally sole constructs. There are some of import differences between cognition and information that brand of them two independent constructs. What are those features? Which comes foremost and leads to the other? How can we utilize them together to acquire their maximal benefit? Well. I have settled on the undermentioned essay a definition for both knowledge and information. the manner the complement each other and which one is more meaningful in a occupation. In my sentiment cognition is made by beliefs. positions. judgements. experiences. visions. truths and constructs ( information ) . I believe besides that cognition is really situational- independent. In the other manus information is made by facts. informations. descriptions. Numberss. words. music. images. sounds and so on. Knowledge refers to the practical usage of information. While information can be transported. stored or shared without many troubles the same can non be said about cognition. Knowledge needfully involves a personal experience. Mentioning back to the scientific experiment. a 3rd individual reading the consequences will hold information about it. while the individual who conducted the experiment personally will hold knowledge about it. It is really of import to hold this difference clear. specially in our Internet-based society. Today information is freely available to anyone anyplace in the universe. An 18 twelvemonth old male child from the Sri Lanka could easy seek on the web and happen all the information of all time produced about an Adenoidectomy. But I am non certain whether I would wish to hold this same male child executing that surgery on myself†¦ what about you?

Investigating Education through Research (IETR) The WritePass Journal

Investigating Education through Research (IETR) Introduction Investigating Education through Research (IETR) IntroductionLiterature Review Methods and findingsApplied researchData interpretation and analysisConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction This report reviews the article Every Child Matters written by Straker and Foster (2009) and explores the need for multi agency collaboration in the ‘children’s workforce’ within an English multi disciplinary child based setting. to ensure that the   ECM outcomes are met consistently through efficient in service direction   of staff at multi tiered levels. This paper argues that if the outcomes of ECM are to be met, that staff working within these areas must work collaboratively. It is anticipated that only by   receiving appropriate and effective multi-agency training that consistency and continuity of the broad ECM aims can be achievedSome elements of this article are applicable to my UMP in that the function of ECM broad aims relate to inclusive/inclusion and inclusivity for all children and young people. Some authors represented in this article will be appropriate and significant to my research and may be used as underpinning and reinforcement to my main policy Special Educational Needs Disability Act (SENDA). The assessment criteria used to evaluate this journal article are: Context/significance of the research report Has the significance of the article been explained and justified? Methods/methodology used Have different research methods/methodologies been used effectively? Ethics Has good ethical practice been facilitated prior or during the research? Veracity /process of the research How reliable are the findings? Influenced by ever changing political issues, Government structures, cultural values and economic factors the authors translated policy guidelines into practical solutions using qualitative methods of research and underpinning citations from multiple theorists to evaluate the level of understanding, participation and clarity of the five   Every Child Matters (ECM)(DfEs,2003) broad aims. Every Child Matters: Change for Children (ECM) (DfES, 2003) is a legislated  Ã‚   initiative set up by the Government with the intention of ensuring that every young person regardless of circumstance or environment   is to be given the underpinning they require to: be healthy; stay safe; enjoy and achieve; make a positive contribution; and achieve economic wellbeing. (ibid) Every Child Matters went on to propose a framework of desirable outcomes for children which might form the basis of common assessment systems, shared working practices, and, above all, shared goals for childhood professionals (DfES, 2003: 9). A year later, the Government legislated, in the Children Act, 2004, to: create integrated children’s services departments by combining education and child and family social care functions; Bring these new services together with health and other childhood services by establishing children’s Trusts locally; Develop a set of shared working practices across these services and increase the mutual understanding and common skills base of childhood professionals. Submitted to Manchester University(no date) Dyson et al. This paper argues that there are flaws  Ã‚   identified by  Ã‚   researchers and theorists. Sloan (2006,12) states (t)o date there continues to be tensions and rivalries between agencies about their professional knowledge, roles and specialisms. The loss of agency specialism and the responsibilities that go with this are potentially traumatic for professionals going through the transition from single agency to multi agency work (Anning et al. 2005,72). Straker and Foster (2009) argue that as well as training and the ECM agenda, there are issues surrounding professional identity and differentiation. This is substantiated by Macdonald, (1995,35) It challenges, to invoke Bourdieu’s notion, the various folklores which are attached to different professional arenas and hence seeks to force open social closures which different groups of workers try to uphold as they defend their professional and personal identity (cf Macdonald,1995,35 cited in Straker and Foster 2009) The content, research methods and findings of this article will be evaluated within this document.. Content The evaluation criterions for this review are: Has the significance of the article been explained and justified? Have different research methods/methodologies been used effectively? Has good ethical practice been facilitated prior or during the research? How reliable are the findings? The significance of the article is to establish the level of clarity of the ECM broad aims and multi agency collaboration within children’s services departments. Every Child Matters: Change for Children (2004) identified flaws in the effective protection of children from some departments. These concerns are further backed up by the Bercow   Report   [2008] which also   pinpoint   five major ideas – problems  Ã‚   that require   rectifying   to enable adjustments   and enhancement   to develop. The recommendations   Ã‚  from this report are gathered under these five themes: Communication is crucial Early identification and intervention are essential; A continuum of services designed around the family is needed; Joint working is critical; and The current system is characterised by high variability and a lack of equity. (ibid) Straker and Foster’s review clearly identifies the focus of the research and the points the paper seeks to address. The methods of research were identified as being via focus group and semi structured   interviews. The mixed personnel samples were discussed and their purpose was explained. Ethical considerations were identified and appropriate protocol was evident in text.   The study findings and results were clarified with recommendations for future action.   The researcher concurs with the findings of ECM(2004) and the Bercow Report (2008) from reading associated literature Victoria Climbie’ Report by Lord Laming (2003)and from media coverage regarding failings of services responsible for the care for children.e.g. The case of baby P . Reform is essential to ensure no repetition of these failings. Ethical considerations for focus groups are the same as for most other methods of social research (Homan 1991). When selecting and involving participants the researchers must ensure that full information about the purpose of contributions is given. Implications of appropriate ethics consideration was contained in the written body of this text. It should be stated that none of the participants were known to the researchers prior to these interviews and focus groups, and that, in order to maintain anonymity, participants are identified by letters (Cohort 1) and numbers (Cohort 2) throughout the below discussion. Straker Foster   (2009. P.124) Honesty and keeping the contributor enlightened about the expected  Ã‚   outcomes of the exercise is   apparent within the paper. Good practice prohibits candidates to be pressured into communicating information, there was no implication of this in the article. Ethical considerations to be aware of in a focus group situation are the processing of confidential material and sensitivity to the feelings of each contributor. Clarification of how contributions will be used and shared by personnel involved in the exercise must be   established   prior to the activity. Confidentiality must be a focus to be communicated to the group as a priority this avoids any sensitive material being leaked. Analysts have a duty to conceal data from the participants This paper indicates that pseudonyms were used. This complies with the principles of British Educational Research [BERA]. According to Hammersley and Traianou,(2007)commonly recognized ethical principles include harm, autonomy, privacy, reciprocity and equity. If social research is to remain of benefit to society and the groups and individuals within it, then social researchers must conduct their work responsibly and in light of the moral and legal order of the society in which they practice. They have a responsibility to maintain high scientific standards in the methods employed in the collection and analysis of data and the impartial assessment and dissemination of findings.[SRA   2003, 13]. Literature Review A literature review outlines the scope of the subject area, trends, themes and prior research that demonstrate awareness of work carried out on the issue/topic   covered. The article sets out to explore the need for multi agency collaboration within the ‘children’s workforce’. The   aim to pilot and assess the overall understanding of policy interpretation in this area. The effectiveness of training to inform and guide these agencies to a joint, collaborative service with less overlap. The literature review was initially wide including general texts such as ECM,(2003), Children’s Workforce Development Council (2007), Victoria Climbie’ Report by Lord Laming (2003) and Reid, (2005,13). The focus then narrowed drawing on the comments of Allnock et al.(2006,35-7), Atkinson et al.(2007) and Moran et al, (2006) then finally focussing on the topic aims. Issues surrounding multi agency collusion are not new. The potential benefits have been discussed repeatedly by Government reports e.g. DfEE (1999) and Atkinson et al.( 2002), Atkins, Jones and Lamont (2007) Bloxham (1996) and Payne(1998) all agree that there are possible advantages of shared Practice. The review of literature by the authors suggested anticipated problems with strategy implementation resulting in inconsistencies and overlapping of roles across childcare teams to meet the broad aims of the ECM –Change for Children policy,(2204). Allnock et al. (2006,35-7) in summing up the research within this document identifies the need for more clarification of role where there is full coverage for all areas without overlap. The focus therefore was for the implementation of strategies that addressed Government policy consistently. The literature review within this article is appropriate; references display deepness and wideness which is clear and concise. Several appropriate references were used in the introduction which gives a broad understanding of policy, statute and the need to work in collaboration to meet the desired outcomes of the ECM: Change for Children (2004). This literature review is good as it gives a wide overview of the subject, informed analysis of findings, identified variables and offered recommendationsfrom the findings. The spotlight on content and relevance is evident. Critique and collaboration of other policy is also discussed within the paper.   The authors state clearly that other theorists and participants concur that it is a ‘two way street’ where united collaboration will only take place when all Government partners and child care professionals share the same ethos, receive appropriate guidance and training and communication is effective . Straker and Foster’s, (2009) could have used the recommendations from the Bercow Report to evaluate and substantiate their own findings. The literature review concludes by identifying that whilst training has been identified as being a potential asset it is still sporadic this may be due to resisting the opportunities, lack of vision to move with changes or basically that it is not available to certain sectors or personnel. Different sectors within this subject are identified as requiring further investigation these are those that require professional identity (clarification of role) and differentiation (what the role involves for the individual).It is also identified that through ECM professional development and training that these obstacles could be overcome. Methods and findings Research is defined by two categories qualitative and quantitative Qualitative research is drawn from many sources. This is primarily  Ã‚   due, as Lancy (1993) points out, to the fact that â€Å" topic, theory, and methodology are usually closely interrelated in qualitative research[p.3].† Both research methods used   Ã‚  in this journal article were qualitative. Qualitative methods are helpful not only in giving rich explanations of complex phenomena, but in creating or evolving theories or conceptual bases, and in proposing hypotheses to clarify the phenomena. (Shwartz, 2000). Quantitative research examines the variables of statistical information. This type of research uses controlled systems in order to prove or disprove a theory. Basic research is primary this type of research is information or data from a chosen subject that requires further explanation or clarification with the intention of gaining more clarification and understanding. The results are not immediate or short term. On one hand there is research which is qualitative with no scientific element in the experiential perception, it is the questioning why in the humanistic sense and the other which is more analytical and questions the relationship amid irregulars being qualitative and /or quantitative research to prove or disprove a hypothesis. However debate between researchers remains as to what is valid research. Applied research Applied research communicates outcomes on multiple layers. This type of research scrutinizes issues in genuine context the aim being the provision of a realistic resolution which usually comes from fundamental  Ã‚   study in this case Every Child Matters: Change for Children[ECM] [2004]. Applied research can capture why policy accomplishment is delayed or suspended.   The example being the variables of policy interpretation, policy understanding and what trainees   want   their learning experience to be and how to implement changes in the workplace. This is clearly identified within the reviewed journal article. Primary research consists of interviews and eye witness accounts etc. Which are taken from   observational methods. Whereas secondary research could use books, Government documents etc. This method uses the findings of others for the advancement of knowledge.   Secondary and primary research is effective when used together   as it shows variety   and veracity of information and data. The article reviewed used both methods to give weight and impact to the research thus providing depth and breadth. The researchers aim was to build an accredited, tiered pathway of training. The nature of the research and the distinctive challenges of shared vision and leadership for the Children’s Service workforce is very diverse in its makeup. There were observed identified differences in this pilot research. Straker and Foster (2009) research set out to answer the questions on the effectiveness of ECM aims within children’s services, the implementation within different tiers and multi agency training. The chosen research methodology was focus group ; strength of this method is the ability to inform many people in a limited time a weakness of this method is cost and time constraints. Semi structured interview encourages two way dialogue but the interviewer must be articulate and confident; this can a weakness if not. The framework of the questions from both research methodologies cited above was to establish how far the rhetoric   of ECM and the effect of translation over the m ulti faceted children and family service. The sampling strategy was opportunistic 3 cohorts of participants from various fields working within children’s services. Opportunistic sampling allows new strands of information to be pursued allowing the length and width of research to be explored.(Journal of Mixed Method Research January 2007 1:77- 100). The piloting of research is to establish reliability and validity in this case by asking the same questions to different cohorts. It is the tool to measure the level of knowledge or participation in an subject in this instance ECM and multi agency collaboration and training. Researchers will sometimes see if the measure yields different scores for two groups who are expected to differ in the construct. Harter and Pike (1994). Social enquiry when correctly executed can result in effective results for all, this type of research is grounded foundation to build on for the benefit an enhancement of the subject/s being studied. Social enquiry is predicated on the belief that greater access to well grounded information will serve rather than threaten the interests of society. Nonetheless, in planning all phases of an inquiry, from design to presentation of findings, social researchers should consider the likely consequences for society at large, groups and categories of persons within it, respondents or other subjects, and possible future research. [SRA 2003, 17] Focus groups allow the collating of data from personnel at various levels within educational settings the diversity of their backgrounds   and   their original outlooks allow the researchers opportunity to obtain information   from varying perspectives and backgrounds. With an individual survey or interview, a respondents input will be limited to the ideas and issues that he/she thinks of at the time of the session. The only prompts to trigger these ideas are the specific questions on the survey   and/or the comments from the interviewer. In a focus group participants benefit from the ability to build on each others ideas and comments, typically providing more extensive input than would otherwise be possible. In contrast to written or online surveys and phone interviews, focus groups present the possibility of observing nonverbal   behavior. Wiesenfelder,(no date) Focus groups are particularly useful when there are power differences between the participants and decision makers or professionals, when the everyday use of language and culture of particular groups is of interest, and when one wants to explore the degree of consensus on a given topic (Morgan Kreuger, 1993).   Kitzinger (1994) argues that interaction is the crucial feature of focus groups because the interaction between participants highlights their view of the world, the language they use about an issue and their values and beliefs about a situation. Interaction also enables participants to ask questions of each other, as well as to re-evaluate and reconsider their own understandings of their specific experiences. Stavrou, (2002) states that it is useful in qualitative research as unreconstructed logic   Ã‚  or the inflexible   science of reasoning and is used to understand what is real: the quality , meaning, context or image of   reality in what people actually do, not what they say they do [as in the collection of quantitative data] Stavrou, [2002]. Although having many benefits alongside other investigation methods limitations are evident. The researcher, or moderator, for example, has less control over the data produced (Morgan 1988) than in either quantitative studies or one-to-one interviewing. This gives little control leaving a predominantly open ended outcome with an unpredictable   predetermined conclusion. A predicted outcome is not the aim of a focus group the diversity of the subjects within the group prohibits this.   More positively, focus groups may pose some difficulty in assembly. Obtaining a representative sample may be a challenge as focus groups may not be an option for certain   members of personnel. Such as people who have confidence issues, the less eloquent, those with speech delays or learning difficulties. The authors of the journal article did not indicate that the above was an issue for the participants taking part but if this were the case the reviewer would have expected the choice of research method to accommodate the diversities within the sample. To address some of the weaknesses of a focus group supporting research strategies were implemented. Semi structured interviews are focused two way conversations that are used to give and receive information. This method is conducted with an open framework which differs from a questionnaire where questions are formulated prior to the interview starting. The research methodology of semi- structured interview commences with generalized questions or topics   Key themes explored include roles and responsibilities, their perceptions of the ECM agenda, and its impact on their practice as well as their relationships with other agencies. Straker Foster(2009. P.124) This then forms the basis of a more specific line of questioning which does not require forward planning. In effect this gives the researcher ‘’carte blanche’’ to create most of the questions during the process giving the interviewer the opportunity to probe so allowing depth of detail or the opportunity to discuss delicate/conflicting issues 1-1’’ Wengraf (2001.P.194-5) Semi structured consultations may be recorded by prior agreement in compliance with the  Ã‚   ethic code. This affords more accuracy if supported with notation as back up.   The latter ensures that all questions are addressed and if   Ã‚  there are mechanical glitches there is supporting evidence. The disadvantages of this research method are concluding the interview through visual clues e.g. closing books tidying up papers which may hamper the flow of the process thus turning the interviewee off . Wengraf, [2001. 11] as above states that ending an interview appropriately can lead to the emergence of a whole new area of information. A further pitfall of this method is that the transcribing and analysis of data can prove time consuming and the opportunity to get side tracked with anecdotes and generally inappropriate information is a possibility. In any research the   Ã‚  first questions that you should ask are: Has this been done before? Does these data already exist? If so, is there value-added in doing this again? Rand, [2009, 16]   Whilst these methods offer breadth and depth my opinion is that it would be easy to keep to the structure as other information may come up that could side track the research event. The principle of   the research was the exploration of need for multi agency collaboration within children’s services. The research focused on three sets of personnel working within different branches of the children’s care framework, ethical considerations were followed and informed consent was documented as being obtained. The sample used was diverse in its make up ranging from junior tosenior management levels. The desirable model of practice was taken from the ECM, (2004) shared goals. The article included semi structured interviews and focus groups to establish the levels of understanding and participation within their specialism. The methods chosen proved to be limited and the sample size although diverse in makeup was small which may hamper the overall picture of awareness in this field of enquiry. Data interpretation and analysis The authors of this journal article identified that whilst there was marked amount   Ã‚  of similarities in opinion     within the groups   any disparity in opinions was thought to be as a result of the lack of clarity of ECM   outcomes and   involvement therein, this is underpinned by relevant references from Annig et al ; Sloan( 2006) .The researchers in this study identified that participant’s roles and responsibilities varied considerably and this determined the responses of the individual groups. The article therefore implies that other tiers would benefit from the knowledge and understanding of their peers roles within the sector. Multi-channel collusion: Happens at dissimilar tiers: information transmitted to personnel from different disciplines; co-operation and joint working on a case-by-case basis;   co-ordination and formalised joint working; coalition at the level of joint structures; and integration of organisations   merging to create a new identity Horwath and Morrison, [2007]. The findings   of the research agrees with Horwath and Morrison, [2007]. The diversity of the groups and the differing tiers gave depth and breadth of insight into the levels of participation and understanding of   the ECM framework. The study ranged from a wholly positive attitude from cohort one to cohort two, who whilst still positive did feel confident in highlighting negative and problem areas. Cohort three displayed a an eclectic mix of groups one and two. It was interesting to view     the responses of the individual groups even though each sample group was mixed   in level   academically and professionally the responses in group 1 and 2 were on the whole identified as being   positive. Disparities were identified in group 2 due to gaps [they felt] in understanding of the ECM framework for some employees this was proving problematic. The dynamics in group 3 was a mixture of positive   and negative responses/comments in line with the other two   groups sampled. The same comments from individuals during the tasks was encouraging, the mention of shared values, the understanding of other professional roles   and a feeling of belonging as a result of this training exercise was a positive step . Conclusion The research concluded that key issues that emerged were communication, leadership and consistency in practice. Communication is considered to be of paramount importance in promoting the awareness of knowledge and the clarification of the work that other agencies do.   Leadership was defined as being a multi tiered facet which has the ability to empower, promote a shared vision and purpose. This was acknowledged as a being a strength in shared collaboration only when colleagues were willing to change and adapt practice  Ã‚   to new agendas. Whilst the participants in the focus group acknowledge the needs of effective communication, good leadership in order to work collaboratively interpretation of the outcomes of ECM and overlap of role still appears to be problematic areas.   Problem areas were also identified, these included lack of consistency in practice, the inability for some employees to move forward with new ideas and policy directives, lack of clarity in job descriptio n and poor perception. These findings are reasonably founded as other researchers early in the article indicate similar findings and are broadly reiterated by others participating in this research. These findings are presented in the form of statements that identify the participant by pseudonym but highlight the accurate job title. Many sources of appropriate documentation were used to support this journal article. Theory is used to embed and underpin throughout the article. The literature used created a chronological picture of policy and the multi strand approach to addressing the issue of lack of clarity and cooperation within children’s services. The description of research participants and levels was appropriate to enable the reader to establish the reasoning behind the research that was to be identified. Ethics guidelines were documented as being followed appropriately. Some reinforcement of ethical paperwork in the appendices would have been useful. Policy and practice mis- match is identified as an ongoing concern across the children’s services sector. This exercise has identified the focal characteristics of focus group and semi structured interviews research methodology, with emphasis being on the interaction and oscillation of participants which only qualitative methods of research can facilitate. Participants who do engage in focus groups often obtain value from the experience but realistic deliberation of time consuming focus group situations from the researchers point of view could be daunting. Lack of chance to complete the required elements involved within the allotted constraints can be a deterrent. The process of these types of research can be more collaborative than other forms of study and can be an empowering process for participants and an exciting challenge for social researchers wanting to gain a different perspective on their field of interest. (Harrell and Bradley 2009 cited in Rand, 2009) The initial questions identified earlier in this article have been answered and reasoning behind the findings has been discussed. The theory was used to substantiate the outcomes from the article. References Article Pros Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Research Methods Article Pros.com./php?Andrew Schwartz Accessed 5/3/11 articlesnatch.com/Article/Advantages-And-Disadvantages-Of-The-Qualitative-Research-Methods/208266 accessed 14/11/10 dcsf.gov.uk/bercowreview/docs/7771-DCSF-BERCOW.PDF accessed 29/10/10 dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/guidance/dutytocooperate/accessed 24/10/10 DfEs,(2003) Every Child Matters. Cm. 5860 (London: The Stationery Office). DfES (2003a) Every Child Matters. Cm. 5860 (London: The Stationery Office) Every Child Matters-Change for Children. (2004) Homepage . everychildmatters.gov.uk/accessed 5/3/11 Gibbs, A. (1997) Social Research Update University of Surrey Issue 19. sru soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU 19 html   accessed 5/3/11 Hammersley, M. and Traianou, A. (2007) Ethics and Educational Research. London: TLRP. tirp.org/capacity/rm/wt/traianou/ accessed 5/3/11 Harrell,M. AND Bradley,M. (2009) Data Collection Mehtods: Semi Structured Interviews and Focus Groups.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR718.pdf accessed 14/11/10 Harter and Pike, (1994) cited in Lodico, G. Spaulding, D.T., Voegtle, H. (2010) Methods of Educational Research from Theory to Practice. San-Francisco: Jossey-Bass Homan R (1991) Ethics in Social Research. Harlow: Longman Horwath, J. and Morrison, T. (2007) Collaboration, integration and change in children’s services: Critical issues and key ingredients, Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 55-69. evidencnet.pbworks.com/Developing-the-workforce-for-practice-in-integrated-children%E2%/80%99s-services accessed 5/3/11 Kitzinger J. (1994,1995) ‘The methodology of focus groups: the importance of interaction between research   participants’, Sociology of Health 16 (1): 103-21. soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRUU19.html accessed 5/3/11 Lancy,D.F. [1993]. Qualitative research in education: An introduction to the major traditions. New York: Longman. Manchester University(no date) Dyson et al. education.manchester.ac.uk/research/centres/cee/publications/Fileuploadmax10Mb.136260.en.doc Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology with Examples, Journal of Mixed Method Research January 2007 1:77-100 Morgan D.L. (1988) Focus groups as qualitative research. London: Sage Morgan and Kruger, (1993) Social Research Update. ( no date)Issue 19 University of Surrey. soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRUU19.html Morgan D.L. and Kreuger R.A. (1993) ‘When to use focus groups and why’ in Morgan D.L. (Ed.) Successful Focus Groups. London: Sage. Kitzinger, (1994) Social Research Update.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( no date) Issue 19 University of Surrey. soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRUU19.html Qualitative Report, (1995) Vol. 2: 3. nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR2-3/shank.html accessed on various dates Social Research Association ethical guidelines thesra.org.uk/documents/pdfs/ethics03.pdf accessed 7/11/10 Social Research Update issue 19 University of Surrey   Soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRUU19html accessed 5/3/11 SRA,(2003,17) research.shu.uk/ethicsethinicity/docs/newdoc/LearnedSocietiesReviewdraft.pdf Stavrou, S. (2002) Youth Delinquent Surveys: A Methodology Paper unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/1845_23210_Aki_methodology_paper.pdf   accessed 27.11.10 Straker, Katherine Foster, Rob [2009] ‘Every Child Matters: Every challenge met?’ Journal of Vocational Education Training, 61:2, 119-132 Wengraf, Tom (2001). Qualitative research interviewing. London: Sage. Wiesenfelder, H. (no date) What are the Benefits of Focus Groups. ehow.com/about_5042427_benefits-focus-groups.html

Personal development record Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

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Please see instruction - Essay Example The author, McKinley did not do the piece just fully as required right from the title of the story for he put it as if the raped child was in the town (Roxane). He focused so much on the town and the men while forgetting who the victim was in this situation. Considering what happened, the mainly affected person was the little girl but not the men who executed that horrifying act (Roxane). In the articles, focus is on the lives of men and the town rather than our victim who suffered the worst. He quotes some responses residents of the town were relaying of how the little girl dressed like a 20-year old woman and how the mother would let her leave home to go to various quarters all alone. He also states how the men’s lives would change because they would miss school. All this tries to imply that the little child brought all on herself through her conduct so the whole story is understandable in a way (Roxane). In the article there were questions raised on where the mother was when her little girl was raped because it is believed that she should be with her child at all times. This means that incase anything bad happens, she is to blame herself for not being responsible. The author shows a sense of chauvinism because he attacked the victim’s mother but never bothered to question the father too (Roxane). The article would be better if the author would not involve the defense of the men who did it because what he did is trying to justify their actions. Since he is reporting on what happened it should focus on the victim more and how the victim found help, through justice and her healing process. The gender of the authors too brought difference in the two articles. The Times newspaper reporter wrote the article focusing so much on the defense of the boys; trying to blame the mother for being irresponsible to the victim. He does not mention the victim’s father because he too must be responsible as much as the mother should be; they are all the parents to the

The Customer Prefrences In Hatchback Cars Marketing Essay

The Customer Prefrences In Hatchback Cars Marketing Essay The objective of the research study is to know, the Preferences of the customers in hatch back car market. This research covers all the preferences in car market that is that is regarding the design. The research will reveal that customers prefer in their car depending on their purchased car. The research will be carried out with sample size of 200 by questionnaire method. The samples were selected randomly. These samples were selected from all over Goa. Quantitative design: The raw data is acquired from the Net. Subsequently converted into questionnaire and then circulated to particular customers. After that the data was converted into graphical with findings. Qualitative Design: based on the quantitative data research opted for qualitative methodology based on the project purpose. A structured interview was conducted with the customers in order to obtain information. The interview permitted more direct comparability of responses, question variability had been eliminated and answer variability was assumed to be real. It has to be noted during the course of interview the interviews neutrally was maintained. During the course of interview behavioral observation study was also done on the interviewee (non verbal behavior, extra linguistic behavior). Pilot test: The qualitative research test was done with small sample of employees. The questions were then revised. Research Plan: Once the problem was identified, the next step I did was to prepare a plan for getting the information needed for the research. The present study was to adopt exploratory approach wherein there is need to gather data perform an analysis before making a conclusion. Maruti Swift Description : In the category of B-segment cars, Maruti Swift delivers new quality of power, response and fuel efficiency. Swift at present is available in three to five way door opening options. Swift is a car with great body graphics that offers the car a very aggressive and sporty look. The sporty look of the car has made it the most demanding car amongst the young crowd. Maruti Swift is sure to be said a head turner with mind blowing style, design, technology and power attached to it. Maruti Ritz is available in both Petrol and diesel version. The petrol version of the car is packed with 1.2 L, 1197 cc K -12 series engine. The K-12 series engine is packed with 5 Speed Manual Transmission Gearbox and BS IV emission. The highly powerful engine of Maruti Ritz offers a maximum power of 85 PS at 6000 rpm and a torque of 113 Nm at 4500 rpm. The diesel version of Maruti Ritz is packed with 1.3L, 1248 cc DDiS engine with 5 Manual Transmission Gearbox that offers greater mileage and acceleration to the car. This DDiS engine is very fuel efficiency and offers an impressive power of 75 PS at 4000 rpm and a torque of 190 Nm at 2000 rpm. Hyundai i20 Description : Overall In the hatchback category of cars Hyundai i20 is a new generation car with large headlamps and fog lamps. This new Hyundai i20 is even more spacious, stylish having amazing eye catching features. Equipped with standard safety features it has ABS, seat belts with pre-tensioner, dual air-bags for the driver and front passanger, auto-unlocking doors Hyundai i20 is one of the best car. Motor Driven Power Steering (MDPS) and suspension systems in the car are such that they provide maximum ease while driving the vehicle. This latest version of Hyundai i20 is best featured with many important special equipments that co-ordinates best with the activity of the driver. The hatchback segment has one more addition in their kitty with the launch of Hyundai i20 in place by non other than Hyundai Motor India Ltd. This premium hatchback car is fully enabled with breathtaking looks and yet not compromising on the quality features. Hyundai i20 is a very stylish and classy car with very elegant exteriors and interiors. The charisma of Hyundai i20 is outstanding with roomy and spacious interiors at place and the sleeky smart look of the car add wonder to the overall appearance. The sleeky and amazing look and technology of Hyundai i20 is by and larger inspired by its premium hatchback model Hyundai i30 which are already launched in Europe and Korea. Polo Trendline: Standard Features Exterior à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Body coloured bumpers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Green tinted heat absorbing glass à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Halogen headlights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Galvanized body with 6 years anti-corrosion warranty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chrome strip in front grill à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 14 steel wheels with full wheel covers Interior à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gear shift knob and interior door handles in chrome à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 3 Grab handles above doors, folding, with coat hooks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Storage compartment in front doors including cup holders for 1 litre bottle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sunglass storage inside glove box à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single folding rear seat backrest Safety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Front disc brakes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Height adjustable headrests front and 2 headrests rear à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Electronic anti-theft immobilizer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interior rear view mirror, manual day/night à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High mounted third brake light Comfort à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Air conditioning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Central locking with boot opener in company logo à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Digital clock, fuel gauge, warning lights for high coolant temperature and low oil pressure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Front intermittent wipers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fuel lid with push style opening and central locking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 14 steel spare wheel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Instrument cluster with tachometer, speedometer, odometer, trip odometer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outside rear view mirror driver passenger side, manually adjustable from inside, convex à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power steering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Steering wheel tilt telescopic adjustable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power windows front à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Radio preparation includes roof antenna and partial pre wiring Colours Available à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Candy White à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flash Red Upholstery Available à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cloth Type Metric Fiat Grande Punto Fiat Grande Punto Description : Overall Leading Italian auto manufacturer Fiat has launched its most awaited premium hatchback model Fiat Punto in the Indian market. Fiat Grande Punto has been launched in the Indian market as a joint venture between Italian passenger car manufacturer Fiat and Indian auto major Tata Motors. Fiat Grande Punto is consistently performing well internationally since its first debut at Frankfurt Motor Show in 2005 and has won many awards such as Car of the Year 2008 award in Brazil. Even on safety point of view, the Fiat Punto has received a 5-Star rating in the stringent Euro NCAP safety tests. Now with the launch of this car in the Indian market, the company plans to strengthen its position in hatchback segment. Fiat Punto is the second vehicle that has been launched by FIAL (Fiat India Automobiles Ltd.). Fiat Punto has launched in the Indian market with three engine options a 1.2L, 1172cc petrol engine, 1.4L, 1368cc, FIRE petrol engine and a 1.3L, 1248cc multijet turbo diesel engine. Nissan Micra Nissan India has started the bookings of the much awaited Micra a couple of days back. The booking amount is Rs. 50,000/- but we are sure before booking one, buyers would want to know more about the vehicle. So this post is to enlighten prospective buyers about the features and variants of the Micra. Deliveries of the micra Features : Intelligent Key System Push Button Ignition Request Switch Auto Climate Control SRS Airbags 4.65m Min. Turning Radius Nissan Micra XE Features : Exteriors Roof Antenna Interiors Drive Computer Manual AC Interior Colour Scheme-Black Comfort Convenience Electric Power Steering Steering Tilt Adjustment Safety Engine Immobilizer Driver Airbag Ford Figo Ford will manufacture Figo in its Chennai plant which will be both more eco-friendly and cost effective plant for Ford because of cheaper material and labor costs in India. The size and price segment will bring some more competition to Hyundai i10, Hyundai i20 , Maruti Ritz , Chevrolet Beat, Tata Indica   and Maruti Swift. Specifications Specification of Ford Figo Petrol includes: 1.2 Liter DuraTec MPFI Petrol Engine Max Power 70 BHP @6250 RPM Max Torque 104 Nm @ 4000 RPM Specification of Ford Figo Diesel includes: 1.4 Liter DuraTorq CRDI Diesel Engine Max Power 68 BHP @4000 RPM Max Torque 160 Nm @ 2000 RPM Other Specifications : 5 Speed Manual Transmission Huge luggage space Length : 3795mm,   Width 1680mm and   Height 1427mm Long Wheelbase of 2489mm 14 Inch Wheel Front Disk brakes Rear Disk Brakes Front Suspension McPherson Strut Rear Suspension Multiple Link Twist Beam 45 Liter Fuel Tank Ford Figo Features Ford Figo Features include: ABS Anti lock braking system EBD Electronic Brakeforce Distribution system Dashboard mounted boot opening button Programmable remote locking system Flip-fold down rear seat Modern instrument cluster Height adjustable driver seat Integrated MP3 player with Bluetooth connectivity AC with heater Ford Figo Price There is no official announcement about the price, but as per sources,the petrol version of Ford Figo will be priced between Rs. 3.5 Lakhs to Rs. 4.5 Lakhs and the Diesel version of Ford Figo will be priced between Rs. 4 lakhs to Rs. 5.5 lakhs Need for the study The cars in the hatch back segment of the cars are more or less the same. Customers of these cars choose their car according to their preferences. The prise factor plays only a small part in the decision. To reveal these factors it was decided to carry a survey on the preferences. Data analysis Cars owned by the customers Interpretation Most of the respondent own Swift. Followed by Volkswagen Polo. Factor influenced to buy car. Interpretation The main influencer for the all cars customers is TV advertisement, followed by friends and relatives. How did you hear about the car. Interpretation This question was related to the pervious question. The first source of information to the customers is the TV advertisement, followed by the Friends relatives. Reason behind buying car Interpretation The customers buy cars from this segment mainly because of the fuel efficiency. The selected cars were the upper models in the segment, thats why 30% respondents said that they have purchased the car as style statement. 22% respondents said that they have purchased the car for the basic need that is convenience to travel. Availability of in-house finance affected my buying decision. These cars are marketed for the middle class segment; availability of in-house finance affects the decision. Interpretation Majority of the respondents that is 39% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed to the point that the availability of in-house finance affected their decision. Whereas 36% respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the point. Importance of the factors Looks Interpretation Majority of the customers that is 57% of the customers said that the looks of the car is very important. 25% of the respondents said that looks is some wat important. Safety ABS Airbags Interpretation Majority of the customers responded to the safety fetures as important. Engine power Majority of the customers responded engine power as important factor in the car. Mileage Interpretation Majority of the customers said that the milage is a important factor in the car. SPACE INERRETATION In this majority of the respondents said that the space is somewat important. Dealership INTERPRETATION This question was asked to find wether the distance from customers place to delership maters. In this 41% of the respondents said that it is unimportant And 24% said it is somewat important. Maintenance cost INTERPRETATION In this all above three factors are interrelated. Majority of the respondents responded that the above three factors are important. Size of car (parking) INTERPRETATION 52% of the respondents said that the size of the car is unimportant. Interiors Interpretation 44% of the respondents said that the interiors are very important in a car. Comfort Interpretation 44% of the respondent said that the confort id some wat important. Music system Interpretation 64% of the respondent said that music system in the car is un important. Handling Interpretation Majority of the respondents said that handling is unimportant. Ground clearance Interpretation Majority of the respondents said that the ground clearance is important. Overall preference of the customer Interpretation Majority of the customer prefer looks, followed by milage, airbags and then ABS. When asked about why they choosed it respondents said that the first attraction is on the looks. Findings It was found that when a family newly car then it becomes a statement of their prosper. The brand name Maruti has a unique trust link to it. Conclusion and learning The car customers prefer to buy cars that are in their financial reach. When a family purchases their first car it becomes a sign of their success, it doesnt matter which car they purchase. When a young person buys a he is for the style statement. ANNEXURES Objective: To find consumer preference for car in b segment of car market. Questionnaire I own _____ car. Maruti Suzuki Swift Maruti Suzuki Ritz Hyundai i20 Chevolet Beat Skoda Fabia Volkswagen Polo Fiat Punto Nissan Micra Ford Fabia What influenced me to purchase the above ticked car? TV advertisements Internet Magazines Friends Relatives (Child) Sales executives Personal liking for the car Need to purchase Style statement How did you first hear about the vehicle you own? TV advertisements Internet Magazines Friends Relatives (Child) Sales executives Reason behind buying car. Convince to travel Style statement Fuel efficiency 5. Availability of in-house finance affected my buying decision. Strongly agree agree neutral disagree Strongly disagree Rate your importance to following features Extremely important Very important important Not important Not important at all Looks Safety I) ABS Ii) Airbags Engine power Mileage Space Dealership Maintenance cost Warranty period for parts After sales service Size of car (parking) Interiors Comfort Music system Handling Ground clearance Which was the main factor while making decision? Looks Safety I) ABS Airbags Engine power Mileage Space Dealership Maintenance cost Warranty period for parts After sales service Size of car (parking) Interiors Comfort Music system Handling Ground clearance Why? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Rate importance of following references according to you Extremely important Very important Important Not important Not important at all Friends and relatives Car and bike magazines TV advertisements Websites of company Sales executive Gender : †¢ male †¢female Age : †¢18-25 †¢25-35 †¢35- 55 †¢55 and above Occupation : †¢student †¢ Business man †¢Salaried †¢Professional Family size : †¢2 members †¢ 2- 4 members †¢4-6 members †¢More than 6 Monthly Income: †¢25,000/- †¢25,000 50,000 †¢50,000 1, 00,000 †¢1, 00,000 and above

Darkness, Be My Friend :: Darkness, Be My Friend

Darkness, Be My Friend Darkness, Be My Friend is the fourth book in John Marsden's series consisting of Tomorrow, When the War Began, In the Dead of the Night and The Third Day, The Frost, in which seven young people are thrown into the middle of a violent war zone. Ellie, Fi, Kevin, Lee, Homer, Robyn and Corrie set out on a camping trip to a remote part of their district. They find their way into a remote basin surrounded by dangerous cliffs and difficult terrain, where they are completely safe and cut off from the rest of the world. When the teenagers return to their homes, they find that all the families in the district were abducted and locked into the show grounds by armed soldiers who are taking over Australia. After finding this, they go on to perform numerous terrorist activities around the district to hamper the enemy's progress. These including blowing up a bridge on a major convoy route, attacking an important bay used for supplies and in Darkness, Be My Friend, the teenagers set out from New Zealand to assist a small group of elite New Zealand soldiers attack the new airbase that has been built in their town. In this book, the New Zealand soldiers disappear without a trace and the teenagers have to attack the airbase themsleves_ I think that this book is as much about adventure and survival as it is about emotions, friendships and relationships. The book is written as the diary of the unofficial leader of the group and she speaks a lot about her thoughts, her relationships with the other members of the group and of her emotions about what she was forced to do during the course of the war. "I was determined I wasn't going to get angry, so I ignored that. I didn't blame him in a way. If only I could have understood what was going on in my own mind_ but I found that difficult at the best of times." "It was nothing to do with Lee. I still liked him a lot. I'd got over those feelings I'd had ages ago, the negative feelings

Project Evaluation Essay

REPORT ON PROJECT EVALUATION FOR KALAHI-CIDSS PROJECT, PHILIPPINES Introduction This report considers the following project evaluation methodologies in the context of the KALAHI – Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS) Project in the Philippines (â€Å"the Project†): (a) financial analysis; (b) economic analysis; (c) social cost benefit analysis; (d) other evaluation methods including willingness to pay, planning balance sheet and cost effectiveness analysis. In order to analyse the relevance of the various evaluation methods to the Project, it is appropriate to have regard to the objectives of the Project. The overarching objectives of the Project as outlined in the logical framework for the Project were to: †¢ improve local governance; †¢ reduce poverty; and †¢ improve the quality of life of the poor. By considering the various evaluation methodologies, it is possible to identify the evaluation methods that best apply to the Project, in light of its objectives. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Overview of financial analysis Financial analysis is an essential part of project appraisal which is necessary to estimate the financial profit generated by a project. Financial analysis â€Å"†¦attempts to determine the net financial benefit (or loss) to an  agency rather than the net benefit (or loss) to the economy or society. Financial evaluations are only concerned with cash flows in and out of the organisation.† (Commonwealth of Australia 2006, p. 28) Assessing the financial benefit of a project may be achieved through a consideration of the following: (a) net present value; (b) financial internal rate of return. Page 1 ARCH1260 Net present value Net present value is calculated by â€Å"†¦discounting a project’s cash receipts using the minimum required rate of return on new investment (cost of capital), summing them over the lifetime of the proposal and deducting the initial investment outlay.† (Levy and Sarnat 1982, p.55) It is necessary to apply a discount rate, that is the minimum required rate of return on new investment, to future cash receipts to determine the present value of those profits. The minimum required rate of return often reflects interest rates at which capital could otherwise earn interest in the market if it was not invested in a project. It is then necessary to sum the present value of cash receipts and deduct the initial cash investment for the project. Where the net present value is positive, the project may be accepted as financially viable. Financial internal rate of return The financial internal rate of return is calculated by determining the rate at which the net present value of a project equals zero. (Brent 1990) In determining financial internal rate of return, future cash receipts must be time-discounted to present values to relate to the initial investment outlay for the project. Levy and Sarnat (1982, p.55) suggest that as a general principle, where financial internal rate of return exceeds the discount rate, that is the minimum rate of return on new investment, a project may be accepted. Application of financial analysis to the case study Financial analysis is an essential valuation methodology to be applied to the Project to determine its financial viability. One of the key objectives of the Project was to maximise the use of the World Bank funding in order to ensure that the Project was economically beneficial to the Philippines’ national economy. (Araral and Holmemo 2007, p. 8) The funding of the subprojects was to be provided in counterpart by provincial, municipal and barangay local governments, in addition to funding from communities and private sources. As Araral and Holmemo (2007, p. vii) indicate, such contributions were intended to reduce the fiscal impact of the project on the national government. Accordingly, it was necessary for the various investors to be confident of the profitability of the Project. Moreover, the World Bank (2001, p. 25-26) required a financial analysis of the Project in order to determine the cost effectiveness of the Project and ultimately, whether to provide a loan to the Philippines government. However, it is noted that whilst carrying out a financial analysis is an essential aspect of project appraisal, there is a degree of uncertainty surrounding financial analysis at the outset of a project. This is particularly so in the context of developing countries where economic Page 2 ARCH1260 uncertainty affects market prices. Moreover, a financial analysis does not take account of external costs or benefits. (Commonwealth of Australia Jan 2006) ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Overview of economic analysis Economic analysis has a broader focus than financial analysis, it considers â€Å"†¦ the overall impact of a project on improving the economic welfare of the citizens of the country concerned. It assesses a project in the context of the national economy, rather than for the project participants or the project entity that implements the project. Economic analysis differs from the financial analysis in terms of both (i) the breadth of the identification and evaluation of inputs and outputs, and (ii) the measure of benefits and costs.† (Economics and Development Resource Centre Feb 1997, p. 9) The focus of economic analysis is the profitability of a project for society, rather than simply the project investor. Similar to financial analysis, through economic analysis, the net present value of a project may be calculated by summing the future flow of social benefits, less social costs (discounted to present values) and deducting the initial investment outlay. A project will be viable if the net present value of the project is greater than zero, that is, social benefits exceed social costs. Moreover, the economic internal rate of return may also be calculated for a project, by considering the net present value of a project taking into account social costs and benefits. The higher the economic internal rate of return, the more beneficial the project is to society. Discounting must be factored into the calculation of these analyses, being the minimum required rate of return on new investment, as an expression of society’s preferences rather than on the basis of interest rate as is used in financial analysis. In order to measure the social costs and benefits of a project, it is necessary to determine the common unit of account or numeraire that benefits and costs should be expressed in. Thirwall (1983, p. 213) suggests that whilst the numeraire may be expressed in domestic prices or international prices, using world prices is justified as it â€Å"†¦avoids the use of the exchange rate in order to value in a single currency some goods measured at world prices (traded goods) and others measured at domestic prices (non-traded goods).† It is also necessary, when carrying out economic analysis to adopt shadow prices. Shadow prices place a value on a factor for which there is inadequate market information, given that â€Å"†¦a project’s inputs and outputs should not necessarily be valued at current market prices because the market price may not reflect the social opportunity cost of the resource†. (Devarajan et al Feb 1997, p. 36) For example, in the context of labour, a project may Page 3 ARCH1260 employ an individual at a certain wage, which represents a financial cost, however that financial cost does not represent the social cost of  employment, being the supply price of labour. As such, a shadow price may be adopted to reflect the social opportunity cost of employment generated by the project. Application of economic analysis to the case study The Project sought to achieve several benefits beyond profitability, including improved infrastructure and services, increased community participation and improved quality of life. Accordingly, economic analysis is relevant in that it evaluates the Project’s benefits to all levels of government and to the community, rather than just the investors. An economic analysis can be carried out in respect of the infrastructure subprojects, as is evident in the analysis summarised by Aral and Holmemo (2007). For example, it is possible to quantify the cost of construction and maintenance of roads against benefits such as number of households benefiting from a road and transport costs for paddy and fertilizer. (Aral and Holmemo 2007, p. 12) However, it should be noted that economic analysis is still confined to those benefits and costs that can be measured. Whilst economic analysis is clearly useful for assessing the economic benefits and costs of the infrastructure subprojects, other broader benefits, such as better access to social services and technology and possible benefits from improvements in barangay governance (Aral and Holmemo 2007, p. 21-22), are not captured through economic analysis. SOCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Overview of social cost-benefit analysis Cost-benefit analysis involves the application of both financial analysis and economic analysis to a project to determine the strength of the project in being profitable and contributing to society. It â€Å"†¦attempts to measure the value of all costs and benefits that are expected to result from the activity. It includes estimating costs and benefits which are ‘unpriced’ and not the subject of normal market transactions but which nevertheless entail the use of real resources.† (Commonwealth of Australia Jan 2006, p. 5) Moreover, this analysis involves a consideration of distributional issues, that is, how benefits and costs from a project are distributed amongst private and public sectors. (Little and Mirrlees 1990, p. 352) Page 4 ARCH1260 Application of social cost-benefit analysis to the case study The use of social cost-benefit analysis as a method of evaluation for the Project is beneficial in combining a consideration of the financial viability of the project and the costs and benefits of the Project for society as a whole. It is relevant to turn to the scenarios for cost-benefit analysis for the case study. For roads, the best scenario for both road construction and road improvement is scenario 3. This is because whilst the net present value and economic internal rate of return for both scenario 1 and scenario 3 is the same for both road construction and road improvement, the discount rate for scenario 3 in both instances is less than that for scenario 1. That means that the economic internal rate of return is proportionally greater than the discount rate in scenario 3 and as such the return on those projects is greater than it would be for the scenario 1 projects. Furthermore, in the case of both road construction and road improvement, scenario 2 is the worst scenario, as the net present value is significantly less than the other scenarios and also the economic internal rate of return is lower. The higher the internal rate of return, the more beneficial the project. Overall, road construction under scenario 3 is a better option than road improvement as both the net present value and economic internal rate of return is greater for road construction than road improvement. For school building, whilst scenario 1 and scenario 3 have the same economic internal rate of return (15.91%) and the net present value for scenario 1 (at 42,729 USD) is slightly higher than that of scenario 3 (at 42,000 USD), scenario 3 is the best option as the economic internal rate of return is proportionally greater than the discount rate at 10%, rather than under scenario 1 where the discount rate is 15%. Accordingly, scenario 2 is the worst option with the lowest net present value and an economic internal rate of return which is less than the discount rate. Where economic internal rate of return is less than the discount rate the project should not be considered. As such,  scenario 2 should not be considered. For school improvement, scenario 1 and scenario 3 have the same net present value (22,930 USD) and economic internal rate of return (15.10%), however scenario 3 is more favourable given that its economic internal rate of return is proportionally greater than its discount rate (10%) than scenario 1’s discount rate (15%). Scenario 2 is the worst option given that it has a lower net present value than the other scenarios and its economic internal rate of return is less than its discount rate and as such it should not be considered. Overall, school building under scenario 3 is a better option than road improvement as the net present value of the project is greater and the proportional relationship between economic Page 5 ARCH1260 internal rate of return and discount rate is higher for school building than for school improvement. OTHER EVALUATION METHODS Overview of other evaluation methods Willingness to pay Willingness to pay examines how much a person is willing to pay for a good or service. The value that a person is willing to pay is then compared to the actual cost of the good or service. This technique relies on data collection through surveying people in a community in which a project is proposed. For example, Whittington et al (1990) surveyed a village in southern Haiti regarding willingness to pay for water services. Whilst it is suggested that the viability of willingness to pay surveys is limited given the scope for bias in individuals’ responses, Whittington et al concluded that such surveys were a feasible method of estimating willingness to pay for improved water services (1990, p. 308). Planning balance sheet This evaluation methodology attempts to list ‘intangible’ benefits of a project and also involves an analysis of the distribution of project benefits amongst society. Cost-benefit analysis only considers those  benefits that can be easily measured. As Materu (1985, p. 4) suggests, â€Å"†¦the tendency to select projects on the basis of their expected quantified monetary benefits, with intangibles treated as a minor balancing factor – which is inherent in traditional forms of cost-benefit analysis, can be misleading because it may not reflect the true social value of an investment.† The planning balance sheet approach attempts to focus on all costs and benefits of a project to the community rather than simply quantifiable economic costs and benefits. Cost effectiveness analysis Cost effectiveness analysis involves an assessment of the cost of investment in a project against the benefits measured on the basis of physical units rather than monetary value, for example, number of lives saved or children provided with an education. This enables an evaluation of the effectiveness of money spent to achieve program objectives. Cost effectiveness analysis is valuable for assessing the cost-effectiveness of alternatives programmes with similar objectives, where the project objectives are clearly defined. Page 6 ARCH1260 Application of other evaluation methods to the case study Whilst the willingness to pay approach might be suitable in respect of the infrastructure subprojects that are part of the case study, this evaluation method is not suitable for taking account of the broader aspects of the Project, such as improved community participation and quality of life. However, the planning balance sheet approach is likely to be useful in analysing the benefits of those aspects of the Project, given that they are difficult to quantify in a monetary sense. In considering cost effectiveness analysis, whilst there may be some value in measuring the benefits of the Project on the basis of units such as number of people engaged in community decision-making, however this would be difficult to measure given the broad scope of the Project wherein programmes for improved governance and participation are to be tailored to local barangay communities. As such,  this method of evaluation would not produce consistent results for carrying out preliminary appraisal of the Project. Conclusions Conducting a financial analysis is an essential part of appraisal for the Project in order to determine the financial profitability of the project for the investors. However, it is relevant to examine other aspects of the project to determine its viability given the objectives were broader than merely financial objectives. Economic analysis is relevant to apply market prices to the costs and benefits of the Project to society, rather than just the investors in the project. This enables a consideration of the net benefits of the Project as against the cost of capital expenditure required to implement the Project. Financial analysis and economic analysis are both relevant to conducting a meaningful evaluation of the Project, however, they are of limited use if applied independently. As such, social cost-benefit analysis offers an effective methodology for assessing both the financial and economic costs and benefits of the Project, and enables a consideration of how those costs and benefits would be distributed amongst various sectors within society. By applying social cost-benefit analysis, it is possible to determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs of the project to the extent that the capital should not be invested elsewhere. However, whilst social cost-benefit analysis can be used to assess benefits and costs of those aspects of the Project that are easily quantifiable, such as the infrastructure subprojects, this method does not give weight to the benefits and costs associated with the intangible objectives of the Project such as increased community participation, improved local governance and quality of life. Here, the planning balance sheet approach is useful as a means to give weight to the intangible benefits of the Project to society. Page 7 ARCH1260 Aral, E. and Holmemo, C. 2007, ‘Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Community Driven Development: The KALAHI-CIDSS Project, Philippines’, Social Development Papers – Paper No. 102. Brent, R. 1990, â€Å"Investment Criteria†, Chapter 2 in Project Appraisal for Developing Countries, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 24-39. Commonwealth of Australia. January 2006, Introduction to Cost-Benefit Analysis and Alternative Evaluation Methodologies, Department of Finance and Administration. [online] http://www.finance.gov.au/publications/finance-circulars/2006/01.html [Accessed 9 October 2011] Devarajan, S., Squire, L. and Suthiwart-Narueput, S. February 1997, â€Å"Beyond Rate of Return: Reorienting Project Appraisal†, The World Bank Research Observer, 12(1), pp. 3546. Economics and Development Resource Centre. February 1997, Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects, Asian Development Bank. [online] http://www.adb.org/Documents/Guidelines/Eco_Analysis/eco-analysis-projects.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2011] Levy, H. and Sarnat, M. 1982, â€Å"The Economic Evaluation of Investment Proposals†, Chapter 3, in Capital Investment and Financial Decisions, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International, pp. 39-64. Materu, J. 1985, â€Å"A Planning Balance Sheet of a Sites and Services Project in Tanzania†, University of Sheffield Department of Town and Regional Planning Occasional Paper Number 57. Thirwall, A. 1983, â€Å"Social Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Shadow Wage†, Growth and Development with Special Reference to Developing Economies, London: Macmillan, pp. 202-216. Whittington, D., Briscoe, J., Mu, X. and Barron, W. 1990, â€Å"Estimating the Willingness to Pay for Water Services in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Use of Contingent Valuation Surveys in Southern Haiti†, Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp. 293311. World Bank. 2010, The World Bank Annual Report 2010, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, Washington DC. [online] Page 8 ARCH1260 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTANNREP2010/Resources/WorldBankAnnualReport2010.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2011] Page 9

A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college Essay

ducation is one of the most important pillars of the nation’s development. Education is a weapon which can change the world. Primary education is the base for the students. So a country should have a very good curriculum for the students in their Primary school study. A curriculum, which will make each student withstand the future competition and will lead to country’s development. So if a nation have the same national curriculum it would be beneficial in so many perspectives. If a nation have same national curriculum then it would be easy for government to construct a nationwide program to train teachers. It would be easy to evaluate students on the same basis. Same national curriculum will decrease the efforts to construct the region wide education course in country. In India we have Central Board and State Board. Central board is followed by some states, while all other states follow a separate State board program. Each state has its own Program of primary education including different evaluation system, marking system and subjects to study. This requires a big management to maintain the track. So same national curriculum will cut down these efforts and can make use of these efforts in improving the education system. This approach would be beneficial for the students in terms of options available. The same curriculum will open the doors of all the colleges and courses available there nationwide. Students will have a healthy competition environment. Students can study variety of courses and will be able to go in desired college. In the current system of a student wants to go in any other college belong to other state then he has to give an entrance examination and it differs according to the course he wants to study. But if this approach get followed by the nation then it would be easy for a student to get this rid of this. A student can follow his heart and make his dreams true. It would be propitious for them who have to frequently transfer their locations because of their service such as in military services, government services etc. Currently it is very difficult for their children’s to accommodate in new environment, especially school and its curriculum. For example in India If a student belonging to Maharashtra went to study in Chennai then it would be difficult for him to get into routine. He has to start again in new way in the new environment. But if the curriculum would be same at national level till college then it would be easy for them to continue their study without any difficulty. But though this approach is good enough, it may create some problems while implementing it at national level. Like to change the established system and to implement the new on nationwide would take significant amount of time and efforts. Students in the middle of the primary education may find it somewhat difficult to get adjust to new curriculum. As students would be having more options to choose then it might lead to confusion while making choice. Those students who don’t want to leave their native place or state then it would be difficult for them. For example if a student don’t get admission I any college residing at his place then that student might have to go another place. But overall this approach is beneficial enough to implement. Though it would require some efforts and time once get implemented it would be best.

Chang Dai-Chien essays

Chang Dai-Chien essays Chang Dai-Chien is known for his skill of imitating traditional Chinese historical artists. He borrowed techniques from the diversity of Chinese art. Upon my arrival at the gallery the atmosphere of ancient epoch created by the paintings presented at the art show impressed me very much. The atmosphere of a different era was utterly amazing considering the fact that Chang Dai-Chien was a modern painter. The brush paintings, seen at the exhibition, were very interesting for several reasons, however the ones that appealed to me the most were symbolism and the imagery of the paintings. The importance of symbolism in Chinese Art is immense. It reveals and subsequently portrays cultural attitudes, conventions and events of a certain period of time, which makes the paintings not only the exquisite works of art but also a retrospective of history of China. Chang Dai-Chien was an acclaimed genius of his genre because he had an incredible ability to revive the atmosphere of the past. One painting that had a huge impact on me was Lofty Scholar Beneath the Pine (1982). It portrayed a man standing beneath the tree, contemplating. Even though it might sound like a very simple theme, the insight into its meaning brings about much more than can be said. The smoky clouds in the painting, the misty, dim peaks of the mountains set a mood of mystery; a scholar looking at the mountain peaks, at the beautiful pine tree adds a touch of enigma. The use of pastel tones of the clouds and mountains helps to support and reflect the symbolism of them, which can be interpreted as the mystery of the future and the unknown. Whilst the scholar may very well represent the quintessence of a human being trying to comprehend the essence of life. All of the Chang Dai-Chiens brush paintings comprise imagery that is quite symbolic, i.e. paintings such as White Pigeon Among White Leaves and Cloudy Waterfalls and Summer Mountains&qu...

Controversy in Sport Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controversy in Sport Management - Assignment Example student has the skills to play for a team in division me then the student should receive a scholarship to go to that school free, or for however much the scholarship costs. The National College Athletic Association believes offering free scholarships is payment enough for the student athletes, and should suffice for the players offering their services to generate revenue for their school. The school provides free education to these student athletes and offers the first recruiting platform for professional sports like the National Football League (NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA) (Hawkins, 2010). Even with all of this, there is no way the National College Athletic Association can put up a big fight contrary to paying its student athletes if football and basketball are the only sports played in college. Division I football and basketball produce most of the revenue numbers and are the only sports that are profitable. It is difficult to allow a football and basketball player to receive payment but it is tougher for all other sports; including division II and III to get on the pay list (Zimbalist, 2006). On the contrary, players have just as much reason to think they need payment. The National College Athletic Association division I football generates about 12 billion dollars internationally in a year. This is like taking the top films of the last 10 years, combining them, and not paying the movie stars even a single penny. The National College Athletic Association basketball March Madness competition makes $760 million (Hawkins, 2010). Most of the players argue that they are more than just student athletes are. Watch ESPN a television program on Tuesday night and one can see that a basketball team from California is playing in Florida. Hockey teams from Alaska travel to away events for two weekends in a row without resting. They depart on a Tuesday and return on a Sunday the following week. Travelling and playing makes these student athletes to miss

Meaning of a single word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Meaning of a single word - Essay Example Looking deep into the roots of a word can tell us about other words it was derived from, and a little know how of how foreign languages have influenced English. And finally the usage of a word tells us about how it should be used in a sentence. Many times people know the correct meaning of a word but they are confused about how to use it and they end up not using it at all. The correct usage while keeping in mind the sentence structure, subject verb agreement, and the placement of prepositions is essential in using any word in a sentence or a paragraph. All of these aspects are discussed below so that the meaning of the given word is clear and no difficulty is faced in its usage in any context. A lantern is a transparent protective covering, usually portable and used for carrying or holding a light. It is used to protect the light from wind and weather. It often has translucent openings so that the light could pass clearly. Lanterns emit out light in an expanded way and they also have handles in their framework. The top room of a lighthouse which contains a lamp or any other source of light can also be referred to as a lantern as it gives out light and illuminates the structure and the area. Similarly, the top most structure of a building which is either open or windowed from all sides to admit light or ventilate the entire interior building. It is always good to know a few synonyms of the words we are using in a text, because synonyms help in building the vocabulary. They also lighten up the text and urge the reader to read more. Every word has several synonyms in the least as they can have more than one meaning. The word lantern has many synonyms as well but they are all referred more or less to a source of light. One of the synonyms of lantern is beacon. A beacon is a light which is used as a signal or a guide. One of the meanings